EU AI法の罰則：最大3500万ユーロの罰則制度
EU AI法は、GDPRをモデルにした3段階の罰則構造を確立していますが、上限は高くなっています。国内当局が施行し、規制では金銭的罰則と製品の回収の両方が規定されています。
3つの罰則階層
第5条の違反：社会的スコアリング、潜在的な操作、無差別な顔認識スクレイピング、公共の場所でのリアルタイムの遠隔生体認証（限定的な例外を除く）。
高リスクシステムの義務（ログ記録、監視、リスク管理、技術文書）、GPAIプロバイダーの義務、または第50条に基づく透明性義務の不履行。
指定された機関または関係当局に、不正確、不完全、または誤解を招く情報を提供すること。
いずれか高い金額が適用されます。中小企業およびスタートアップの倍率により、絶対的な上限が削減される場合がありますが、売上高に対する割合の上限は変わりません。
GDPRとの比較
GDPRの4％/2000万ユーロの上限により、2018年以降、10億ユーロを超える複数の罰金が科せられています（Meta、Amazon、Google、TikTok）。EU AI法の7％/3500万ユーロの上限は大幅に高く、政治的な動向から判断すると、施行は寛容ではないでしょう。
コンプライアンス違反の実際的なコスト
- 直接的な罰金（上記）
- AIシステムの強制的な市場からの撤退
- 評判の低下と顧客の離反
- 加盟国における私的権利を有する当事者による民事訴訟
- 投資家の精査と買収デューデリジェンスの遅延
How AIAgentree reduces enforcement risk
Most Tier 2 penalties target the exact obligations AIAgentree is built to evidence — logging, human oversight, and risk management. Tamper-evident records turn 'we comply' into 'here is the proof' when an authority asks.
- Tamper-evident decision records give you the automatic, timestamped Article 12 audit trail authorities ask for first — a missing trail is a common trigger for high-risk (Tier 2) findings.
- Human-oversight and approval workflows document Article 14 intervention and sign-off, so oversight is demonstrable rather than merely asserted.
- Audit-fit retention (6 months or longer) with export on demand means you can answer a competent authority quickly, before an information request escalates into an Article 99 penalty.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the maximum fine under the EU AI Act?
The highest tier is up to €35 million or 7% of total worldwide annual turnover for the preceding financial year, whichever is higher. It applies to breaches of the Article 5 prohibited-practice ban (for example social scoring or untargeted facial-recognition scraping). Lower tiers apply to other obligations: up to €15M / 3% for high-risk, GPAI and transparency failures, and up to €7.5M / 1% for supplying incorrect information to authorities.
How do EU AI Act fines compare to GDPR?
The ceiling is materially higher. GDPR caps administrative fines at €20 million or 4% of worldwide turnover, while the EU AI Act's top tier reaches €35 million or 7%. GDPR enforcement has already produced billion-euro penalties, so the higher AI Act ceiling signals that regulators expect substantial fines for the most serious violations.
Who enforces EU AI Act fines?
National market surveillance authorities designated by each member state impose penalties on providers and deployers, and set the actual amount case-by-case. For general-purpose AI model obligations, the European Commission's AI Office enforces directly. The EU AI Act sets the ceilings; national law and authorities determine the final fine.
Are SMEs and start-ups fined differently?
Yes. Under Article 99(6), for SMEs and start-ups each fine is capped at the lower of the fixed amount or the percentage of turnover — the reverse of the 'whichever is higher' rule that applies to larger undertakings. Authorities must also take an operator's size and economic viability into account when setting the amount.
Can EU AI Act fines stack on top of other penalties?
A single course of conduct can breach several obligations, and authorities set penalties per infringement while considering gravity and duration. Administrative fines are also without prejudice to other consequences — forced withdrawal of the system from the market, and civil litigation in member states that provide private rights of action. So monetary fines are rarely the only cost of non-compliance.
Continue exploring the EU AI Act guide
EU AI Act Compliance Guide
The complete guide to EU AI Act compliance for AI agents — start here.
Article 12 — Record-Keeping & Logging
What every high-risk AI system must log, and how to capture it.
Article 14 — Human Oversight
Designing effective human-in-the-loop controls for AI decisions.
Annex III — High-Risk AI Systems
Which AI use cases the Act classifies as high-risk.
EU AI Act Compliance Checklist
A step-by-step checklist to reach and document compliance.
Compliance Cost Calculator
Estimate your EU AI Act compliance effort and cost.
Deadlines & Timeline
Key enforcement dates, including the August 2, 2026 deadline.
Transparency Obligations (Art. 13 & 50)
Disclosure duties for AI systems and their outputs.
Risk Management & Conformity Assessment
Build a risk management system and assess conformity.
GPAI Obligations
Rules for providers of general-purpose AI models.
EU AI Act for US Companies
Extraterritorial scope and what US providers must do.
Omnibus Update
The latest changes to the EU AI Act timeline and rules.
Penalty Calculator
Estimate your maximum fine under the Article 99 tiers.
Article 11 + Annex IV
What technical documentation the EU AI Act requires.
Article 26: Deployer Obligations
What deployers of high-risk AI must do, including log retention.
Article 17: Quality Management
The QMS providers of high-risk AI must document.
Article 10: Data Governance
Data quality, bias mitigation, and governance duties.
Article 4: AI Literacy
The staff AI-literacy duty in force since February 2025.
Deployer vs Provider
Who bears which obligation — and when a deployer becomes a provider.
FRIA (Article 27)
Who must run a Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment, and how.
Who Does It Apply To?
Scope, operators, and the extraterritorial reach of the EU AI Act.
Post-Market Monitoring
Articles 72–73: ongoing monitoring and incident reporting.
ISO 42001 vs EU AI Act
How the voluntary standard and the binding law fit together.
NIST AI RMF vs EU AI Act
A practical crosswalk between the framework and the law.
EU AI Act for Healthcare
High-risk medical AI, MDR/IVDR interplay, and clinician oversight.
EU AI Act for Financial Services
Credit scoring, insurance pricing, and existing financial regulation.
EU AI Act for HR & Employment
Hiring AI as high-risk, plus NYC LL144 and EEOC overlap.